Effective communication skills are essential for working in health and Essay

Successful relational abilities are basic for working in wellbeing and social consideration - Essay Example Along these lines, it has been recommended that individuals working in wellbeing and social consideration conditions ought to have the option to arrange a discussion for compelling correspondence. At the point when a speaker is composed, there would be a smooth progression of correspondence and the outcome would be a comprehension between the individuals imparting. The social insurance supplier must comprehend the discussion cycle and search for different methods the patient might be imparting, for example, the utilization of non-verbal correspondence. Accordingly, the specialist ought to likewise have the option to decipher and comprehend non-verbal correspondence. Furthermore, the parental figure ought to likewise comprehend social contrasts so as to comprehend what is being conveyed by the patient and s/he would likewise realize how to advise things to the patient. Posing inquiries is another ability that wellbeing and social consideration suppliers must be capable in on the groun ds that they can bring out increasingly essential data about their customers through addressing. Finally, they ought to likewise have listening abilities, understanding what is said between the lines and not simply getting a handle on implications from expressed words. There are in reality numerous aspects of correspondence and these ought to be aced for successful correspondence. ... Despite the fact that it isn't explicitly the purpose of this concise exploration to talk about the level to which correspondences inside human services and social consideration can influence every single investor, it merits referencing, and will be quickly examined, the level to which interchanges at last prompts a more clear and more nuanced way to deal with medicinal services and social consideration even inside the medicinal services network and the numerous investors this eventually speaks to. Despite the fact that the term correspondences envelops a large number of systems, hypotheses, and builds, the term itself, with connection to medicinal services and social consideration can be just characterized as â€Å"the procedure of empowering individuals to expand command over, and to improve the nature of human services and social consideration provision† (BTEC 2010, p. 3). In that capacity, correspondence inside human services takes on an assortment of structures so as to a ccomplish an ideal outcome. Maybe the most helpful instrument of the way that wellbeing advancement happens is by drawing in the person with the all encompassing nature of wellbeing. Along these lines, the excessively utilized adage †an ounce of fix merits a pound of anticipation comes into clear core interest. It is this author’s conviction that the all encompassing perspective on wellbeing is the most key and basic idea because of the way that such a methodology fundamentally envelops different methodologies †to include: the participatory idea of wellbeing, key/singular factors in advancing wellbeing, usage of procedure to construct wellbeing, and counting key qualities/shortcomings to support generally speaking wellbeing. Along these lines, advancement of the key idea of the comprehensive idea of wellbeing is a kind of umbrella term that essentially attempts to

Padmanbha Swamy Temple Essays

Padmanbha Swamy Temple Essays Padmanbha Swamy Temple Essay Padmanbha Swamy Temple Essay Padmanabhaswamy Temple From Wikipedia, the free reference book | Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple | Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple Location in Kerala| Coordinates:| 8â °28? 58? Nâ 76â °56? 37? ECoordinates: 8 °28? 58? Nâ 76â °56? 37? E| Name| Proper name:| Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple| Location| Country:| India| State:| Kerala| Location:| Thiruvananthapuram| Temple Details| Primary divinity God:| Padmanabhaswamy (Vishnu)| Engineering and culture| Architectural styles:| Dravidian architecture (Kovil)| Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple (Malayalam: , s? I padma? abhasvami k? et? a? ?) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu located in Thiruvananthapuram, India. The place of worship is at present run by a trust headed by theâ royal group of Travancore. [1] The sanctuary is one of 108 Divya Desams (Holy Abodes of Vishnu) †chief focuses of love of the god in Vaishnavism. The sanctuary, built in the Dravidian style of design, is celebrated in the Divya Prabandha, the early medieval Tamil literature group of the Tamil Alvar saints (sixth ninth hundreds of years CE), with auxiliary augmentations to it made all through the sixteenth century CE, when its ornate Gopuram was developed. [2][3] The latest remodels to the sanctuary happened in the eighteenth century CE. The sanctuary includes vigorously in Akilam fiveâ seriesâ of the Akilathirattu Ammanaiâ corpus, the blessed content of the Ayyavazhi belief framework. Administrations were furnished to the neighborhood network with the sanctuaries income. The sanctuary gave its name to Kerala’s state capital Thiruvananthapuram. ‘Thiru’ ‘Anantha’ ‘Puram’ means Sacred Abode of Lord Anantha Padmanabha. The head deity, Padmanabhaswamy, is revered in the Anantha-sayanam act (in the unceasing rest of Yoga-nidraâ on theâ serpent Ananta). [4] The Travancore Kings viewed themselves as ‘Padmanabha-dasa’ (Servant of Lord Padmanabha). * | - [edit]History In ealier years[when?  Padmanabhaswamy Temple and its properties were constrained by eight powerful Nair feudal masters known as Ettuveetil Pillamar (Lords of the Eight Houses), under the direction of the Council of Eight and a Half. In a clash of progression in the eighteenth century, King Anizham Thirunal Valiya Marthanda Varma, the ruler customarily viewed as the author of Travancore, effectively smothered the Ettuveetil Pi llais and his cousins following the revelation of intrigues the Lords were associated with against the Royal House of Travancore. The last significant remodel of the Padmanabhaswamy sanctuary was likewise done by Marthanda Varma. On January 3, 1750, Anizham Thirunal gave up the realm of Travancore to Padmanabha, the god at the sanctuary, and vowed that he and his relatives would serve the realm asPadmanabha Dasa. [4] Since at that point, the name of each Travancore King was gone before by the title Padmanabha Dasa, while the female individuals from the Royal family were called Padmanabha Sevinis. The gift of the Kingdom to Sree Padmanabhaswamy was known as Thripadidanam and a short time later the Maharaja was known as Sree Padmanabha Dasa Vanchipala Varma Kulashekara Kireetapati. By giving up the realm to Lord Padmanabha, the entire Travancore state turned into the property of Sree Padmanabhaswamy. - [edit]The sanctuary The historical backdrop of the sanctuary goes back to the eighth Century CE, when Thiruvananthapuram was administered by the Chera Dynasty. The Divya Prabandhacanon of writing by the Alvars glorifies this sanctum as one of 11 Divya Desams in Kerala. It is said that there are references to this sanctuary in four puranas; specifically Brahma, Vayu, Varaha, Padma. The eighth century Alvar poet Nammalvar created four slokas and one phalasruthi about this sanctuary. 5][6] Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple Padmanabhaswamy Temple remains at a spot considered one of the seven Parasurama Kshetras; writings including the Puranas, especially theSkanda Purana and Padma Purana, have references to this sanctum. Passageway of Sree Padmanabhaswamy sanctuary The two yearly celebrations of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple come full circle in a stupendous p arade, in which the three gods (Padmanabha, Narasimha andKrishna) are continued bloom deck and stylishly brightened Garuda Vahanas to Shankumugham Beach, for arattu (sacrosanct bathing). The arattu days are proclaimed as neighborhood open occasions in Thiruvanathapuram. [edit]Gopuram The establishment of the present gopuram was laid in 1566. [7] The sanctuary has a 100-foot,[8]â seven-level gopuram made in the Pandyan style. [9] The sanctuary remains by the side of aâ tank, named Padma Theerthamâ (meaning the lotus spring). The sanctuary has a hall with 365 and one-quarter formed rock stone columns with expand carvings. This passage reaches out from the eastern side into the sanctum sanctorum. An eighty-foot banner staff remains before the principle section from the prakaram (hall). The ground floor under the gopuram (primary passage in the eastern side) is known as the Nataka Sala where the well known sanctuary workmanship Kathakali was arranged in the late evening during the ten-dayâ uthsavamâ (festival) led two times every year, during the Malayalam monthsâ of Meenam and Thulam. [edit]Sreekovil | This articleâ may containâ wording that simply advances the subjectâ without conferring evident data. If you don't mind evacuate or supplant such wording, except if you can citeâ independent sourcesâ that bolster the portrayal. In the Sreekovil, Vishnu is portrayed in a leaning back situation over the serpent Anantha or Adi Sesha. [10] The snake has his face pointed inwards (connoting examination). The Lords right hand hangs over Shiva. Sridevi, the Goddess of Prosperity and Bhudevi the Goddess of the Earth, two consorts of Vishnu remain close by and the god Brahma emerges on a lotus, which radiates from the navel of Vishnu. The icon is supposed to be produced using 12008 Saligram. These Saligram are from the banks of the Gandaki River in Nepal, and it is accepted that they were carried with much service on elephants. The symbol is secured with, Katusarkara yogam, an exceptional ayurvedic blend, was utilized to make a mortar which keeps the god clean. The every day venerate is with blossoms and for the abhishekam, exceptional divinities are utilized. The blossoms have consistently been evacuated utilizing peacock plumes dreading harm to the katusarkara. [citation needed] The stage before vimanam and where the divinity rests are both cut out of a solitary stone and thus called Ottakkal Mandapam. So as to perform darshan and puja, one needs to jump on to the Mandapam. The divinity is obvious through three entryways †Face of the Lord and Siva Linga underneath his deliver the primary entryway, Brahma situated on lotus exuding from the Lords navel alongside the Utsava moorthi and gods of Lord Vishnu, Sridevi and Bhudevi in the subsequent entryway and the Lords feet in the third entryway. Just the King of Travancore may perform Namaskaram, or bow prostrate on the Ottakkal Mandapam. It is customarily held that anyone who bows prostrates on the mandapam has given up such he/she has to the divinity. Since the ruler has just done that, he/she is allowed to bow on this mandapam. There are other significant places of worship inside the sanctuary for Hindu divinities Sri Narasimha, Sri Krishna, Sri Ayyappa, Sri Ganesha and Sri Hanuman. Numerous other little sanctuaries like Kshetrapalan (who watches the sanctuary), Vishwaksena and Sri Garudaâ are likewise present. The methodology street to Sree Padmanabhaswamy sanctuary - [edit]Legend There are numerous legends with respect to the birthplace of the sanctuary. One such legend says that Vilvamangalathu Swamiyar pseudonym Divakara Muniâ prayed to Krishna for his darshan. Krishnaâ came in camouflage as a little, naughty kid. The kid gulped the Saligrama which was kept in Puja. The Sage got rankled at this and pursued the kid until the kid shrouded himself behind a tree. The tree tumbled down and became Vishnu in Anantha Shayanam (leaning back stance on Anantha the snake) †however when he did as such, he was of a remarkably enormous size. The Sage, perceiving that the tree was Vishnu, argued that on account of the colossal structure the ruler had showed before him he couldn't either have a brain satisfying darshan or circumambulate him. He at that point requested that the Lord psychologist to a littler extent †threefold the length of his staff. Quickly, the symbol shrank, and the Lord educated the wise that he ought to be adored through three entryways. These entryways are presently the entryways in the sanctuary through which the symbol might be seen. Through the principal entryway, the love is offered to Shiva; during that time entrance to Brahma on the Lords lotus navel, and through the third is Vishnus feet, which are said to prompt salvation. [citation needed] Another story recounts aâ pulayaâ couple seeing Vishnu as a youngster. The youngster took pieces of rice from the hands of the couple. Likewise it is accepted that Divakaramuni, when he saw the god, took the principal food thing he saw which was an unripe Mango on a coconut shell as a contribution plate and performed essential pooja. Right up 'til today, the naivedyam or offering of unripe mango is offered to the god here in a similar coconut shell that Divakara Muni offered his prasadam to the Lord. A great many enthusiasts accept that the Lord has by and by come in camouflage and had spared the Travancore Kingdom from foe assault on various events. [edit]Naivedyam or offering to Perumal Apart from the typical rice offering different things are offered including Retna Payasam or offering of Payasam in a Gem studded Golden Vessel, Meni Thula Payasam or the Delicious Rice and J

Get an Education Without Going Broke

Get an Education Without Going Broke Get an Education Without Going Broke Get an Education Without Going BrokeAccess to higher education has become a luxury for many in the United States. Learn how to get your degree without going into (too much) debt.Being a student is so expensive that student debt is a crisis of our era. And that debt can put delays on your financial life. In fact, 61% of millennials say that they’ve delayed homeownership because of student debt. On top of that, a new slew of borrowers who took out loans to pay for higher education are finding out a federal loan forgiveness program may now be working against them instead of for them.Student loans can be relentless, as they can sometimes seem like a never-ending installment loan that you may have to carry around for life. If you don’t want to be in that position, or if you don’t want to contribute even more to debt you already have, then this is the article for you.Get your AA degree at a community collegeCommunity colleges offer classes at a much lower rate than four-year colleges and universities. While there are some major differences between a community college versus a standard four-year college, the financial benefits can help students who are seeking degrees. OppLoans’ e-book, “College Debt Destroyer,” by its educational arm OppU states the following:If you really want to get a bachelor’s degree but have no idea how you could possibly pay for it, enrolling in community college for 2 years before transferring to a 4-year college can help you cut the cost of a bachelor’s degree significantly.[Dr. Cliff A. Robb, Faculty Director of Consumer Finance Financial Planning at The School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison,] agrees: “Students and families should be very open to alternative models that are different from the traditional viewpoint. [They should consider the concept of:] Do you really need to go to X university and do a 4-year degree? Or can you go to a 2-year school and transition to a 4-year model? The option to go to a community college and flesh out that core coursework like math and language and science before matriculating to a bigger university at a higher cost can save a ton of money.”Even in states where community college is not free for everyone, there are programs specifically for students to enroll in 2-year institutions to save money before finishing 4-year degrees at other schools. For example, in Ohio’s Preferred Pathway program at Columbus State Community College, where students start for 2 years before transferring to one of 9 public and private universities to complete bachelor’s degrees, 76% of students took on 0 debt in the 2015-16 academic year.Explore trade certification possibilitiesIt’s time to think long and hard about what you want to pay to study. Is it something that offers a short certificate program instead? Trade certificates can be a way to circumvent the normal expensive schooling route and train for a role that pays decently well. Some trade certificates tha t get you into well-paying industries include bookkeeping, event planning, and court reporting.Trade certifications are often shorter than a four-year degree. They also wind up costing less in many cases. It might not be the ideal option for you, but it’s worth exploring and seeing what your options are.Consider online certificate coursesIf you’re not looking to get a four-year, master’s, or other type of professional degree, and are just hoping for an extra certificate to boost your resume or skills, consider taking online courses. Udemy.com, for example, runs regular $15 flash sales on courses that teach anything from business skills to digital marketing. Lynda.com is another similar site, which many local libraries partner with to offer free memberships to people with a library card.Research state funding for your educationStates provide all sorts of grants and funding for higher education. They do this because they like to incentivize students to stay in-state. For example , if you’re still in high school, or working towards your GED, and you live in Florida, the Florida Bright Futures scholarship will provide a certain amount of funding towards in-state tuition.Contact your state’s higher education agency in order to get information on state grants available to you.Find national grantsThere is also national funding for higher education. This includes the Pell Grant, Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants, Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education, and grants for service members.National funding is usually obtained by filling out a FAFSA every year short for, the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. The process can be confusing, but you can get a jumpstart by checking out OppU’s guide to filling out the FAFSA here.Look into institutional grantsThe institution you are attending (or planning to attend) also likely has grant and scholarship opportunities for attendees. This is especially true if you are attending a pu blic institution. Most educational institutions have whole offices dedicated to discussing financial aid and grants with students. Find out where that office is on your campus and ask about grants available to you.Find special scholarshipsThere are also private scholarship opportunities provided by all kinds of special interest groups. For example, there are scholarships for unusually tall people.There are also scholarships available to you depending on your life situation. There are lots of scholarships and funds available for single moms, for example. There are also many scholarships available to first-generation college students. Or for nontraditional students.Googling around might help you find scholarships available to you based on your specific circumstances. You can also try using College Board’s Scholarship Search, which asks you all kind of questions to see which scholarships in their database you might qualify for.While scholarship applications take up a lot of time, the pay-off will likely be worth the time if you get even a few hundred or one thousand dollars. If you apply for scholarships that are highly relevant for you, then you will be more likely to get them. Plus, being able to put the win on your resume will demonstrate excellence, or help you network with the organization that grants it.Here are a few resources to help you get stared:10 Open-Eligibility Scholarships for High School Students10 More Big-Money Scholarships for High School StudentsThe OppU Achievers ScholarshipTuition reimbursement from your place of workMany workplaces offer tuition reimbursement, and that list of places is growing. For example, Starbucks famously rolled out a tuition reimbursement program in 2015. Their tuition reimbursement is unfortunately limited to ASU’s online bachelor’s degree. But many companies have policies that will apply to a broader range of programs and courses. For example, Publix offers tuition reimbursement for any course that will help contribute to your ability to perform at your job; the program covers an extensive list of majors.Many corporations offer similar tuition reimbursement programs, or offer money towards continuing education, so if you’re serious about going to school, then asking about what your company offers. Finding a job somewhere that has a tuition reimbursement program could be another great move.Have a goal going inBesides getting as much funding as possible towards your college tuition, you also need to make good choices in your student life. One of the most important ways to save money as a student is to stick to your degree and graduate on time. People who switch majors, fail classes, and take longer to graduate will have to take more classes and spend more money. In fact, nearly six in 10 bachelor degree students take more than four years to graduate.That doesn’t mean you should stick to a major you hate. It just means that you should try your best to have a plan when you start college classes. If you’re feeling ambivalent about what you want to do, it might be best to delay beginning college and instead explore your options and what you want your career to look like. It might be worth finding a free career counselor to help you make a good decision. If you already have one degree, alumni are often welcome back to free career counseling services on campus.Take advantage of student resourcesOnce you’re a student, be sure to take advantage of resources your institution has to offer. Everything from the library to the student discounts on public transportation and electronics can save you good money if you take advantage of it. Some common free resources available to students include:Free use of school gymOccasional free food on campusCheap lunches from organizationsFree career counselingFree public transportationStudent discounts on electronicsStudent discounts at local storesStudent discounts on museum entranceUse the library to borrow books or possibly other resources for freeUse the library as a free study spaceLibraries also loan out things like electronic equipment and passes to local amusement. Ask both your local library and school library what they have to offer. Here are also a few examples of how a library can become a broke person’s best friend.Minimize class expensesThere are many strategies for minimizing class expenses, such as textbook purchases â€" the general rule is to buy them used or borrow them from the library if you can; if you are purchasing books, try to sell them when you’re done.Take out student-specific loans if you mustIf you do end up needing to take out a loan, don’t go for bad credit loans, cash advances, or title loans. Talk to your institution’s financial aid office about student loans. They have lower interest rates, and some kinds of student loans don’t start collecting interest at all until you’ve completed your degree.Some schools also have resources for students in a financial tight spot. For example, some schools offer interest-free emergency loans.Good luck on avoiding student debtWhile getting an education can expand your options for employment and increase your income amount, getting into student debt can trap you and limit your options once you’re out of school. Education is important, but making wise choices and doing research into resources available to you will help you get the most out of your education for as little expense as possible.

German Grammar

Racism Without Racists By Eduardo Bonilla Slave - 849 Words

As an international student from China, I did not experience serious discrimination as black people did; I did not feel strong oppression as LGBT group did; however, I was indeed treated in a different way, which was racist and discriminated. When I read the materials from class, I felt I had experienced the exactly same thing in my life. Segregation, which was written by Eduardo Bonilla-Slave in his book: Racism without Racists, still happened today in my life; marginalization and powerlessness, which were proposed by Iris Young in her book: Five Faces of Oppression, were common problem for all Chinese nonimmigrants. Nonimmigrants were not equal to illegal residents. Nonimmigrants meant those who held Visas while studying or working in the U.S. Nonimmigrants had the chances to apply for United States Permanent Resident Cards and then applied for United States citizenships to become Chinese Americans. However, they never get the chanced to be real Americans and enjoy the same rights as Americans did. To change this situation, Chinese nonimmigrants must get more political rights and more voice in the government, which was hard but a goal for every Chinese nonimmigrants to achieve. Initially, Chinese nonimmigrants and Chinese Americans contributed a lot to American economic and technological development. United State Census Bureau documented that Chinese Americans work in many white-collar professions compared with 48.1% for all Asian Americans and a national average ofShow MoreRelatedRacial Inequality797 Words   |  4 Pagesending of religious oppression and later political and economic liberty. Yet, from the start, the fabric of American society was equally founded on brutal forms of supremacy, inequality and oppression which involved the absolute denial of freedom for slaves. 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The Coors Free Essays

The US brewing industry is mainly dominated by six main key competitors towards a small number of local competitors. As a reality of the industry, the main costs are the commodity, production costs (brewingpackaging) which oriented major brewers to backward integration in order to become cost-efficient. Cheaper distribution strategies may create real competitive advantage in brewing industry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Coors or any similar topic only for you Order Now The competitive rivalry is broken up into three main segments, National, Regional, and Microbrewers. National competitors have wide market coverage and generally a large company. Regional competitors are smaller than National in the fact that they only distribute in certain regions. Microbrewers are the smallest of the three because their size and capacity limit them to only distribute to small geographic areas. Due to the strong rivalry among existing competitors, new entrants to the industry face many difficult barriers to entry by the existing bigger brewers. Large capital requirements and the need to establish a very strong distribution network are the main barriers. Many laws and regulations may also inhibit a new entrant from coming into the market. In addition to this, the threat of substitute products is moderate in the industry. On the other hand, the demand has grown generally only at less than one percent over the four decades, except the period from 1960 to 1980 which is characterized by the higher consumption of younger drinkers and efficient marketing strategies driven by key market players mainly focusing on pricing and differentiation. Coors in the Brewing Industry The core competencies of Coors brewing company were the production quality focusing on most qualified inputs and better production processes and the brand positionning emphasizing the image of quality. Coors products differentiation was coming from both in the materials that went into the beer and in the process they followed to brew it. The extra costs of better production processes are controlled by single product focus, running the fastest packaging lines as a result of vertical integration and benefiting from economies of scale through the country’s largest brewery. By creating a perception of a natural, high quality product Coors was able set high relative price while maintaining a high volume of sales. Coors responded to the need to fill excess capacity by national rollout. But the lack of efficient distribution channel and multiple production sites were the main significant disadvantages of the company. The company overcame this obstacle by establishing distribution centres in outlying markets and working with weaker distributors willing to sell only Coors. Opposing to its past strategies, Coors focused on weaker distributors and spent more to manage the relationships. The company had begun to focus more on advertising and marketing. The expansion strategy was supported by strong brand image campaigns focusing on product quality strengthened the brand ever than before towards competitors. Due to increasing competition, they also began to launch different segments of beers. The agreements made by Molson of Canada and Kaltenberg Castle of West Germany may be treated as the positioning strategies in international marketplace. Coors’s plan for multisite expansion included a new facility in Virginia, to supply the eastern states in order to support future demand and absorb the increased shipping costs. Now the main question is that building a new facility would be profitable or not for Coors. The slow trend in sales growth from 1975 to 1985 might be taken as evidence that they would not need more than 25 million barrels in capacity in the near future. The costs savings from reduced shipping costs could be offset simply by scaling their existing facility. Building the new facility in Virginia might be against Coors’ product differentiation supported mainly by the pure ingredient â€Å"Rocky Mountain spring water† which in reality is the core competency for the company due to the location. Any facility built outside Colorado will not brew beer with the Rocky Mountain spring water. The past inefficient strategies should be investigated by the company. First of all, Coors could have continued to dominate the western region. Coors should have expanded the production capacity to support the consumption increase before the competitors moved production into territory. The possible solutions for competitors would be in this case, tolerate higher shipping costs for market entry or build a large, underutilized, production facility. So they had to accept Western market region belonged to Coors. Additionally, by growing dominance in their western territories, Coors would have built an even stronger position over their distribution channels. On the other side, in terms of marketing approach Coors should have focused on maintaining the Coors’ brand image in its core territory rather than reaching the niche market with limited penetration. The product strategy should also have been driven with a different approach. Rather than multiple product segments expansion, Coors should have only focused on rapidly growing light beer segment with their successful Coors Light product which would have reduce the cannibalization of super-premium products on Coors Banquet. How to cite The Coors, Essay examples

Shooting Stars Analysis Carol Ann Duffyt free essay sample

Shooting Star – Carol Ann Duffy The poem Shooting Stars by Carol Ann Duffy tells a shocking story of a female prisoner held by Nazis in a concentration camp around the time of the Holocaust. The poem is set in 1940, Hitler and his Nazi party had taken control of most of Europe and had vowed to exterminate the entire Jewish race. Duffys haunting use of imagery and word choice make this poem so memorable and its very strong opening prepares the reader for the rest of the poem. The title choice, Shooting Stars is a very effective and ambiguous.The first meaning is that the word ‘Stars’ represents the Jewish symbol in which is The Star of David. Jewish people were forced to wear them on their clothes to mark them out as targets of abuse and torment for Nazis. Another possible meaning of the title is metaphorically symbolising a literal shooting star and comparing it to the life of the Jewish prisoners. The Jews life is similar to the shooting star in the way that their life and potential was bright and brilliant but was cut short.The title stays with the reader and is reinforced by its clever use of alliteration and also reinforces the fact that any death, no matter how small, is still heroic and brave. The poem begins with After I no longer speak they break our fingers to salvage my wedding ring. Duffy opens the poem by using shock tactics which catch the reader’s attention and also prepares us for the rest of the poem. This spoken by a dead Jewish woman is a shocking description telling how the Germans would take anything valuable off the Jewish women and how they value jewellery more than human life.The word Salvage is usually used to mean saving useful parts of something which is being disposed of, the associations of this word clearly indicates the lack of respect and care the Germans had for the dead Jewish bodies. The persona comes across as a heroine, for the reader because she attempts to give the reader a list of the names in which we have believed to of passed away â€Å"Rebecca Rachel Ruth Aaron Emmanuel David† All these names used are stereotypical Jewish family names.In addition Duffy has also not used any punctuation whilst listing them possibly to highlight the fact the list goes on and on due to the mass killing of the Jewish race and the ignorance and lack of care from the Germans. â€Å"Mourn for the daughters, upright as statues, brave. † Not only men were dying, but women and children too. It forces the readers to question themselves, and put themselves in the personas place and question whether we would be as brave. † ‘upright as a statue’? This tells us that these people were strong before they died they were not quavering and falling about they kept their dignity.In addition this highlights how the persona was continuing to act as a heroic fig ure within the poem. The bravery of the persona continues throughout the poem. â€Å"You would not look at me. You waited for the bullet. † The single word sentence emphasises the sudden and disturbing death which the persona has to witness. The dark tone and brutal graphic imagery used by Duffy brings the reader into the situation which creates a strong feeling of hatred toward the German soldiers in which are doing this to innocent Jewish women.The persona will not let the reader forget â€Å"I say Remember. Remember these appalling days which make the world  for ever bad† Repetition of the word ‘Remember’ impacts and addresses the reader personally. In addition the repetition of Remember echoes in our head like a guilty conscience, the last dying word of a fellow human being at the hands of incompetent young men. The way in which Duffy says â€Å"which will for ever make the world bad† Indicates that no matter what, this brutal behaviour and these actions have already occurred.Furthermore nothing anyone does will erase what has happened to the innocent Jews, which impacts on how the world will almost be forever tainted as sometimes being a bad place. After the brutality that has already occurred Duffy continues to bring in more imagery whilst describing the persona getting raped. Although Duffy narrows into the rape at first with a subtle manor by saying â€Å"One saw I was alive. Loosened his belt. † The enjambment between ‘loosened’ and ‘belt’ draws the attention to the horrific fact that this woman is actually about to be raped. Duffy goes about it in a very subtle way, but the graphic description we get next is enough to make anyone feel the sheer impact of what has just occurred. The horror of what is happening to the poor innocent Jew continues as Duffy says â€Å"My bowels opened in a ragged gape of fear† I believe this is one of the lines in the poem which has most impact toward the reader. The long vowel sounds and the graphic imagery of the event is etched into your mind.The single word ‘gape’ mirrors the word rape which leaves the horrific image in the readers head of what is happening to the Jewish girl and it makes you empathise with her situation. â€Å"I could see a child† the soldiers had no morals, the meaning of right and wrong had been torn away from the soldiers and acts of brutality were happening to women and children. â€Å"I shot her in the eye† Duffy says this so carelessly within the poem to highlight just how carelessly the soldiers shot the innocent child in the eye.In addition links with the clear horrific imagery Duffy is using whilst building up toward the main event of the poem which is the murdering of the persona. The unashamed soldiers continue their horrific acts and take no notice of what they are actually doing to the once living human beings around them. â€Å"young men gossiping and smoking by the graves† His total disrespect for the dead Jews again will make the reader sympathise with Duffy’s persona, and drew my attention towards her bravery and how she held on, no matter what happened to her.What happens next is devastating. The persona tells how â€Å"her bare feet felt the earth and urine trickled down my legs until I heard the click. Not yet. A trick. † Duffy shows how it’s almost as if the soldiers were playing a game, mocking the persona and thriving off how weak she is. Furthermore the horrific imagery produced by Duffy for the pour lifeless persona lying on the ground after everything that has happened to her. Which links with the next line how no matter what is happening to the persona she still holds on to her religion which is inspirational.Which shows true faith due to the situation in which she is in, she hasn’t given up. The persona doesn’t even begin to question her faith which highlights how she is a truly heroic character. â€Å"Tell them I sang the ancient psalms at dusk inside the wire and strong men wept. † She tells of how her psalms made strong men weep. Her story is terrible and sad, but she will never let us forget. Her final lines echo the words of the 25th  psalm â€Å"Turn thee  unto me with mercy, for I am desolate and lost. The persona is finally telling the reader of how she is ‘desolate and lost’, a sad and reflective ending which makes the persona seem nostalgic but also everlasting, her voice echoes in our heads. The persona left it until the end as the dignity and true belief in her religion kept her strong in one of the worst situations in which any human being could be placed in. Shooting Stars’ is a story of heroic life being destroyed and taken away by guiltless soldiers who believe what they are doing is for the good of their country.The poem is told differently as it does not tell the fanciful tales of the glory of the war, it tells it how it is. It tells of the real heroic people of the world, the innocent blood of women and children, pooling on the ground in countries like Iraq and Bosnia, and Duffy lets the reader know that these events are still goi ng on and ‘The world turns in its sleep’ as if we do not care and forget the terrible events which happened. But Duffy says we must Remember and her haunting words from the grave will never be forgotten. We will not forget.

Rewarding and Punishment the Same Behavior free essay sample

What type of reinforcement schedule does random drug testing represent? Is this type of schedule typically effective or ineffective? Answer: The case study â€Å"Professional sports: Rewarding and punishment the same behavior† was about how in a baseball game steroids are being used and the offense which has been caused by it. The type of reinforcement schedule discuss in this case was the random drug testing which presents the fact that most of the times baseball players are not aware of the point that they are taking drugs. This is because they don’t take it intentially but given by their coaches to improve performance of the player in game. According to the case I agree with the decision of commissioner of the baseball. According to his decision, he gave a second chance to the players who did not know that their coaches were giving them drugs. Whereas, he declared a ten day suspension for the first time offenders from playing the game. We will write a custom essay sample on Rewarding and Punishment the Same Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But congress and the general public was not satisfied so the commissioner incorporated tougher rules to play in the game such as the â€Å"three strikes, and you are out† policy wherein the first time offenders were suspended from playing the game for 50 days, the second time offenders were suspended from playing the game for 100 days and the last one was a ban wherein the player cannot further play the game. Due to the usage of steroids the rules in the other games even became tougher. The NFL and the NBA also had to check their players if they were using drugs while playing the game. The coaches in the baseball game needs to be strict while choosing their best players to play the game. The coaches need to be strict with rules of the game and as well as the players to stop using the usage of steroids in the baseball game. A fine or a suspension is considered as a minor part whereas the ultimate decision to ban the player is the correct decision which is made by the commissioner of baseball. . Whereas to find whether its effective or not we can see that the type of reinforcement schedules that random drug testing represent is the variable interval type. As defined, this type of schedule occurs when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. In the case, the reinforcement schedule is done randomly and unexpected. It is typically effective because athletes not aware of the test and when these tests will be taken place. Therefore, athletes are unprepared. Unlike a fixed variable reinforcement schedule, athletes have a fixed time of when the tests will be scheduled so they can prepare and make sure their systems are clean before they take the test. . 2. What are some examples of behaviors in typical organizations that supervisors reward but may actually be detrimental to others or to the organization as a whole? As a manager, what might you do to try to avoid this quandary? . Answer: The main example of a behavior in a typical organization that supervisors reward but may actually be detrimental to others or to the organization as a whole is athletes taking steroids. When athletes take steroids to enhance their performance abilities, they are misleading their managers and their fans. Initially, it may be rewarding because everyone involved gains from the profitability, sports merchandise, increased popularity and success. But in the end, when it is discovered that the athlete achieved recognition with the aid of steroids he destroys his reputation and also his team’s and country’s reputation and the loyalty the fans had for him. If I was a manager, what I might do in order to avoid this quandary, if I was made aware of someone using steroids, I would do a random drug testing as soon as possible instead of having the whole team suffer for that one insubordinate athlete. . If you were the commissioner of baseball, what steps would you take to try to reduce the use of steroids in baseball? Is punishment likely to be the most effective deterrent? Why or why not? Answer: If I was the commissioner of baseball, there are several steps that I would take to try to reduce the use of steroids in baseball. First of all, I would reinforce to all the athletes tha t if someone is caught using steroids they will be thrown off the team. Second, I would continue to do random drug testing. Punishment is not likely to be the most effective deterrent. This will only cause athletes to stop playing and taking steroids for a certain period of time. In addition to it I would also have taken some steps as taken by the commissioner in this case. For the 1st time offender who didn’t know that they were being drugged by their coaches should be suspended for few games. In addition to that the coach must be strictly punished a huge sum of fine plus life time ban from the game. Whereas, for those who have offended it for the first time knowingly, must be suspended for a year plus a heavy amount fine should be imposed on them. And for those who have repeated it should be banned from baseball sport. The second part of the question was â€Å"Is punishment likely to be the most effective deterrent†? For me yes, punishment is the most effective deterrent. It is the competition that everyone loves. The feeling of winning makes many people do anything to achieve it. Even if this means one must cheat to win. Many players used and still use steroids to enhance their muscles so they are stronger during game play. There can be two ways of stopping the player not to use steroids, either by rewarding or by punishing. Rewarding in the sense, we can give incentives to players for not using them but the incentives of winning will be more attractive than these. Therefore one can punish the player if they use those incentives. A player cheats to win money, fans and fame. But if they are found to be using steroids, they will lose their fame and fans and should also be heavily fined. 4. Is it okay to allow potentially unethical behaviors, which on the surface may benefit organizations, to persist? Why or why not? Answer: No, unethical behaviors must not persist even if on the surface they may benefit organizations. For short term it may be beneficial but not in long run. Any unethical behaviors can directly affect the reputation of the organization. And in today’s world a good reputed organization is the most important part of organization building. People like to buy the service or product from a good reputed organization. It creates goodwill of the organization. For example, in context of the given case, organization can be the baseball team and unethical behavior can be the use of steroids by the players. This may help the team to build a strong impression and can help them to win many games as well. But the day general public will learn that the victory is not due to the hard work but rather than steroids, all of their impression will be on stake. They may lose their sponsors, fans and reputation. Same was the case happened with Pakistani cricket team. Few of the players of Pakistani cricket team player, Salman Butt, M. Amir and Asif, were involved in match fixing. They might have earned a lot from that but when it was exposed they were punished. They had to pay double amount of fine of what they earned. In addition to it now none of the companies will like to endorse just players who are involved in unethical activities. In addition to it they lost all their fans. Almost every Pakistani doesn’t like them because they created a bad impression of Pakistan in the global world. As well as destroyed the image of the Pakistani team nationally and internationally. Can you imagine cheating and excellence in the same sentence? What does known cheating and the Hall of Fame have in common? What does shameful and The Hall of Fame have in common? Does known cheating and excellence equal The Hall Of Fame? This debate doesnt have two sides. There are no hairs to split. There are no counter arguments to argue. Cheating is not how to get ahead. Cheating isnt even how to compete. Even if youre never found out, Its a setup for failure elsewhere in life. Anyone that has admitted or has been proven to have used performance enhancing drugs should never even be considered for the Hall Of Fame.

Jimmy Cater essays

Jimmy Cater essays Before the 1976 election, Nixons successors attempted to restore the nations lost faith in government (as cited in Britten, and Mathless, 1998, p.46). Fords efforts to tame inflation without plunging the economy into recession failed. Society needed a noble, honest, and decent man for the next president of the United States. So in the 1976 election, Gerald Ford ran for president against Jimmy Carter, a peanut farmer from Georgia. Although unknown at first, Jimmy Carter became a tough competition to Ford with his commercials, his campaign, and his integrity. Carter had a strong symbolic position to run against everybodys invisible opponent that he was able to ride his white horse all the way to Washington. Jimmy Carters commercial relays a message of political context, appeals to his set of audience, and effects society to vote for Carter for president. From the ground floor as a peanut farmer to a chance to run for president, Jimmy Carter was heading to the top floor of the empire state building with his happy political commercial. With Carters tie with the trilateral, he received the inside track for favorable media coverage with his commercial (as cited in Shoup, 1980, internet). His commercial Essence starts off with the upbeat music symbolizing a happy, joyous man. The first second of the commercial shows Jimmy Carter shaking hands with ordinary people. Most politicians just show themselves as noble men before the election, but Carter was always a true noble man because the only dirt they found on him was the dirt under his finger nails due to farming. Another example of a key factor in his commercial is his slogan, a leader for a change. The slogan gives Carter an opportunity to convince the people through media that he was not a rustic yahoo, but a man to be taken seriously. At this time, a change in leadership wa...

Why the current third level colleges are not using emerging technology Essay

Why the current third level colleges are not using emerging technology in the classroom to teach students - Essay Example Additionally, the studies done by Becker, and by Bonk and Fischer, show the significant effects that using online instruction and other forms of technological interaction can have on the learning of primary and elementary students. If students are learning to use emerging technology at a young age, and have attuned their minds to the high levels of visual stimulation that come from a computer screen, how can they be expected, once they emerge from secondary school and enter a third-level institution, to turn their attention to an auditory presentation? Bednar, Duffy and Perry’s paper about converting theory into practice is an instructive look at the ways in which the idea of technological instruction can be made practical. Instructional modules and online presentations can take the information from an auditory presentation and make it appear in a completely different medium to students used to watching their instruction. Jonassen’s study of the ways that students use the Internet has come to demonstrate the ways that the Internet is now used to solve problems. One example of this, of course, is the fact that the word google has become a commonly used verb in the English language. The card catalogues that were in every library thirty years ago have long since been superseded by the computer terminal, which sends students not only to print resources in that particular library, but to resources that are available on the World Wide Web to print anywhere. Research has become a much faster, less burdensome process, although the former drudgery of the card catalogue has, in some sense, been replaced by the need to vigilantly make sure that sources are reliable and valid. Finally, Duit’s research on the proper limits to put on student creativity is instructive. His analysis of the ways in which science students learn shows how free-ranging their studies should be permitted to

Unemployment in UK auses and effects on economy Assignment

Unemployment in UK auses and effects on economy - Assignment Example Unemployment is one of the challenging and serious issues that usually effect a country's economic development in negative manner and the countries having high rate of unemployment often face sharp economic downturn. In this regard the paper presents an overview of the unemployment situation in the country and discusses the causes and effects of unemployment on the economic development of the country. Furthermore, the paper also describes some possible ways that can help the country in reducing the unemployment rate.This paper is intended to identify the main causes of unemployment in the United Kingdom.The history of unemployment in the UK tells that during Great Depression the rate of unemployment was very high in the country. It reached to the level of 25 percent but after that time, unemployment rate used to remain at low level and with the help of different policies and strategies the government of the UK succeeded to attain more or less full employment level until 1970s. Howeve r, after oil prices fluctuation in 1970s the unemployment rate was also badly affected and gradually it began to rise. The recent rise in the unemployment rate is highest during the last decade and the country is facing worst situation with respect to unemployment crisis in the country (Pettinger, p2, 2009). The following table shows the United Kingdom unemployment rate during last three years and it is clearly seen in the table that unemployment rate is continuously increasing in the country with each passing year. Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2009 3.80 2008 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.60 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.10 3.30 3.60 2007 2.90 2.90 2.80 2.80 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.50 2.50 2006 2.80 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.90 2.90 The recent statistics also show that the unemployment is recorded at highest rate in last eight years. The rate of unemployment is rising at alarming pace due to which the year 2009 is also expected as a stagnant year for the economy of United Kingdom. (Monaghan, p1, 2008) The country while responding towards the global financial crisis is witnessing worst situation of unemployment and there is high level of concerns and worries at all level regarding the rise of unemployment rate. The following chart shows the current situation of unemployment in the country that is expected to rise even more. Causes of Unemployment in United Kingdom Unemployment is closely related with the economic development of a country. When economy faces recessions, the rate of unemployment also increases. Thus, the economic recession is the major cause behind the high rate of unemployment in the UK and it is expected that if the UK will face deep economic recession in 2009 then the unemployment will also reached the level of 3 million. (Pettinger, p2, 2009) Hence, the recent economic instability can be sought as one of the major causes of unemployment in the UK. Furthermore, the credit crunch is also viewed as an important cause of rise in the unemployment rate in the country. Due to market uncertainty it has become difficult for the investors to get loans and credits from the banks and financial institutions. The financial instruments in the UK economy are witnessing worst effects of global financial crisis due to which the credit and mortgage market is also going through a recession phase. The banks in the UK are now reluctant towards le nding loans, credits and mortgages to the people and business that led to reduction in the consumer spending. The investment level is also very low and many of the bid investment projects are delayed. This entire situation is responsible for reduction in productivity and demand for labor in the country.

The Town And Country Planning Environmental Sciences Essay

The Town And Country Planning Environmental Sciences Essay This paper is based on secondary research in to the justifications provided by the coalition government to support the introduction of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF). This research involved an analysis of the impact that the NPPF could have on major areas of debate such as: sustainable development, economic and social costs of the current system, business activity, and housing, benefits of Brownfield development, approval rates and non-planning consents. The old planning system was extremely complex and cumbersome, the system has become overloaded with central policy and guidance, with vast amounts of paperwork making it too cumbersome and unclear for councils, developers and local people to use effectively. The proposed new National Planning Policy Framework will consolidate over 1,000 pages of planning policy statements spread across some 40 documents into a single document of 50-60 pages around 5 per cent of the current volume of policy. To support the new Framework, there will also be a fundamental review of all the supporting documentation (which comprise a further 6,000 pages across a further 160 documents). The literature review looks at secondary sources and focuses on several topics that I felt would affect most people, namely: Sustainable development, is or was planning a barrier to growth, business activity, Impact of planning on housing and the economy, benefits and costs of Brownfield development and approval rates. The research findings demonstrated that the old system was in need of reform and that the National Planning Policy Framework theoretically will help the economy to grow out of recession by removing obstacles that ultimately cost money both for developers and local councils. The research also shows that the old planning system was a barrier to growth and resulted in unnecessary costs due to delays and uncertainty. Introduction Background Planning systems set rules and guidelines that influence the level, location and pattern of activity. The ultimate goal is planning to promote a balance of environmental, social and economic welfare that meets the needs of current and future generations. Doing so inevitably involves trade-offs, so any planning system has both benefits and costs. An important issue for policymakers and the public is whether the current system imposes costs which reforms could avoid. The new Government has made supporting sustainable growth and enterprise, balanced across all regions and industries, one of its top priorities. This means creating the right conditions for private enterprise and business investment. A well-functioning planning and wider consents regime is an essential component of the overall attractiveness of the business environment in the UK and the Government proposes to reform the planning system, creating a presumption in favour of sustainable development and providing more opportunities for local communities to determine the shape of the places in which they live. Reform of the planning system and of specific elements within it has been underway for some time, with the aim both of making it more efficient and effective and of ensuring that it is not acting as a barrier to investment and sustainable development Penfold Review of Non-Planning Consents 2010. The old System: The Town and Country Planning Act 1947 established a comprehensive and universal system of land-use control. The system served the key function of balancing public and private interests and was based upon a fundamental principle which still applies today, notably that private interests would need to be sacrificed for the public good as far as land-use issues were concerned. The old system that existed was a plan-led system where English local authorities determined land use plans in consultation with stakeholders with the resulting plans becoming the basis for determining planning applications. Development required permission, and development applications were considered with reference to the plan unless material considerations (determined by law) indicate otherwise. The old framework of local plans and binding national targets evolved over more than sixty years, and was subjected to considerable scrutiny and legislative change over the last two decades (The history of the English planning system in this paragraph was provided by the Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE)). National government dictated the overall structure and direction of the system by enacting legislation that outlined just exactly what needed consent and how local policy shall be produced as well as producing national policy guidance to set out more detail on acceptable forms of development. Thus, the national government enjoyed a detailed level of intervention to setting the system up which ultimately allowed the government to influence its outcomes. The Town and Country Planning Act 1968 introduced a significant reform to the system of plan preparation, with the introduction of structure plans and local plans. These documents set out both strategic and longer-term planning objectives, such as major housing allocations or green belt identification and short term allocations for development on individual sites. This system was further consolidated in the Town and Country Planning Act 1971, in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 and in the Planning and Compensation Act 1991. The only other significant statutory reforms introduced between 1971 and 2000 dealt with the delivery of the planning function in the reform of the local government restructure the evolution of the old system can be seen in table 1. Unnecessary detail has resulted in a system which often contradicts itself and where important national policy is obscured by duplication. This has acted as a brake on growth, hindering rather than helping local communities to shape development in their neighbourhoods. This impact on the processing of planning applications causing confusion and delay within the system, and in some cases may discourage submission of planning applications (as a result of the direct costs of complexity that must be borne by developers and the indirect cost i.e. uncertainty associated with planning delay). Contradictions in policy often occur between policy documents and guidance. For example, Planning Policy Statement 5 (Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment) asks local councils to not validate planning applications where the impact of the proposed development on any heritage asset cannot adequately be understood from the information supporting the application. However, the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) guidance on validation advises that inadequate supporting information is not grounds for invalidating applications (See Planning Policy Statement 5 paragraph HE6.3 and Guidance on information requirements and validation, paragraph 34). Duplication results in the same policy being unnecessarily repeated in a number of separate documents. One example of this comes from four different national policy documents (Planning Policy Statement 1: Planning for Sustainable Development, Planning Policy Statement 3: Housing, Planning Policy Statement 4: Planning for Sustainable Economic Growth and Planning Policy Guidance Note 13: Transport) which all contain similar policies which ask local councils to identify land which is accessible and well connected to a means of transport including walking, cycling, public transport and by car. This mass of guidance forms part of a system of top-down targets, which has grown up in recent years. Enforcement of these imposed rules or targets can be costly and/or ineffective. For example, the system of housing targets had to be policed by the Planning Inspectorate at a cost of approximately  £1m per year. The Planning Inspectorate had the power to impose housing numbers on local councils, who can face lengthy and costly appeals if their plans were judged to be inconsistent with national policy. The complexity and prescriptive nature of national policy has also led to local people becoming disengaged from the system. According to Ipsos MORI, only 15 per cent of people consider themselves to be involved in decision-making at a local level. Of those 15 per cent, the majority (9 per cent) consider themselves unable to influence decisions (Ipsos MORI (2010). Do the public really want to join the government of Britain?). Other research has shown that national targets decrease the attention decision-makers give to community groups (Murdoch, J. and Abram, S.). Studies also show that they were often presented with limited options, giving the impression that decisions have already been taken, or were consulted on abstract strategies (such as Regional Spatial Strategies) rather than plans for their local area (Baker, M., Hincks, S. and Sherriff, G.) Table 1: The English planning system since 1991: main reports, inquiries and legislation Report or Act Contribution Planning and Compensation Act 1991 Embedded the plan led system by making the plan the primary consideration in development control Driving Productivity Growth in the UK, McKinsey (1988) report Argued that the planning system was an important constraint on UK productivity Housing White Paper (1995) Introduced a 50 percent target for the proportion of new homes built on Brownfield land Planning Policy Guidance 6 (1996) Introduced the town centre first policy Urban White paper (2000) Focussed on urban renaissance and provided stronger foundations for Brownfield first approach to housing Planning Green Paper (2001) Argued that the planning system was too complex, slow and disempowering for participants; proposed simplifying the hierarchy of plans, shortening local plans and closer public engagement in plan making House of Commons ODPM Select Committee report on planning competiveness and productivity (2003) Concluded that planning was not a significant determinant of productivity and that outcome could be improved through further resourcing and better implementation of the current rules Barker Review of Housing Supply (2004) Recommendations include transferring benefits of development from landowners to affected communities and using market signals as a trigger for the release of additional land allocated for housing Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 Introduced statutory Regional Spatial Strategies and a sustainable development purpose to planning Barker review of Land Use Planning (2006) Numerous wide-ranging recommendations to improve the responsiveness and efficiency of the planning system and the efficiency of the planning system and the efficiency of land use Planning Act 2008 Created the Infrastructure Planning Commission Localism Act 2011 Abolished the Infrastructure Planning Commission and Regional Spatial Strategies; introduced Neighbourhood Plans and a new duty for local authorities to cooperate The government is seeking to reform Englands planning rules which currently involve: A hierarchy of planning policies national planning policy statements, until recently regional strategies and local development frameworks. Development control as the main mechanism for regulating local development. Section 106 (S106) as the main means of local value capture, complemented in 2010 by the Community Infrastructure Levy. Some national restrictions (e.g. Town centre first, Green belts, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs)). Figure 1: From Urban Planning Real Estate Development 3rd Edition by John Ratcliffe et Al The new system The National Planning Policy Framework was published with the main aim of replacing the previous system that had in some form or another been in place since the introduction of the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 whilst streamlining the actual planning process. This has been achieved through a number of methods such as: the removal of duplication from policy, the simplification of over 1,000 pages of planning policy statements spread across 40 documents in to a single document of 50-60 pages, the removal of unnecessary information that led to system that at times contradicted itself. The planning reforms brought about through the Localism Act and changes in national planning policy will reduce the level of central control, simplify the level of guidance and hand back more power to local communities. As an example, in the Localism Act, the Government has taken powers to scrap Regional Spatial Strategies and their housing targets and introduced a bottom up approach that enables local communities to decide the level of housing that is required in their area and share in the benefits of development. This is a fundamentally different approach based on councils being best placed to make local decisions, holding the knowledge and expertise of their area. Supporting and building on these changes, the Framework removes a large amount of central prescription, being clear about what is Government policy and giving councils greater discretion in those areas which national policy no longer covers. This will enable them to find innovative solutions and respond to the needs of their different communities. At the same time, local people will be encouraged to reengage in the planning process through improvements in collaborative democracy and new policy vehicles such as neighbourhood plans (NPPF Impact Assessment DCLG). The main elements of the Governments National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) and associated reforms are: Significantly simplified national planning guidance (National planning policy is currently set out in over 1,000 pages of policy guidance and statements, with more than 6,000 pages of supporting documentation, contained within a total of more than 200 documents.) Devolved decision making, with local authorities drawing up local plans via community consultation, subject to the NPPF and fiscal incentives to encourage development. A presumption in favour of Sustainable Development, where this accords with local plans. If no up-to-date plans exist, then the default answer to sustainable development should be yes. Maintain all existing protected status that is Green Belt, SSSIs, AONBs and also retail town centre first restriction for retail development. In parallel with the NPPF, the government is also introducing: A reformed Community Infrastructure Levy as the main means of value capture, while limiting use of S106. Financial incentives for new housing through the New Homes Bonus, and for commercial development via the Business Increase Bonus. A Localism Bill and wider proposals for reforming the local Government finance. Aim This research seeks to analyse the validity of the justifications provided by the Coalition Government to support the introduction of the National Planning Policy Framework. Furthermore, this research seeks to investigate whether the claims made by the government that the old system was a barrier to growth and whether the National Planning Policy Framework will help the economy to grow and if so how. Objectives To carry out an extensive review of available literature sources with a view to critically assessing the articles. To investigate the claims made by the Coalition Government that Planning is a barrier to Growth. To arrive at a conclusion, as to whether the claims and the introduction of the National Planning Policy Framework were justified. To provide recommendations for further research that may be carried out that will provide a better assessment of how the National Planning Policy Framework has impacted the country and whether or not it can be deemed successful. Dissertation Structure The dissertation is structured in the following manner; Chapter 2- Research Methodology This chapter outlines and explores the methods utilised to conduct the research required to complete this dissertation. It explains the rationale behind the methodology of the research in detail. Chapter 3 Literature Review This chapter explores the claims made by the government and where possible puts forward evidence that contradicts and supports the views expressed by the government. Chapter 4 Summary and Conclusion This chapter provides a summary of the findings produced by this dissertation and also draws conclusions from the literature review, meeting the aims and objectives of the study as previously outlined. Additionally, the limitations of the research and data are explored. Chapter 5 Recommendation for further work This chapter outlines further research that could be carried out in order to further understand how the National Planning Policy Framework has impacted the economy, and whether it has been successful in achieving the coalitions targets. Research Methodology Research Strategy Academic literature has prescribed research a vast number of definitions, descriptions and concepts (Punch, 2000). However, throughout these definitions there is a general theme and academic consensus, that research is a process of enquiry and investigation, which through a systematic and methodical approach increases knowledge (Amaratunga et al., 2002). Furthermore, Hair Jr et al (2007), suggests that the definition of research can be further summarised as the discerning pursuit of the truth. In regards to the above, pursuit of the truth, the research methodology usually entails a three stage process to provide a robust and accurate analysis. Stage one, involves an initial in-depth literature review of the publications, (e.g. Estates Gazette and Property Week) published journals and academic text books, to interrogate and integrate ideas, whilst linking together concepts to provide an enhanced and informed base in which to comprehensively approach the aim of the dissertation (Naoum, 2007). The remaining stages of the research used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative approaches, with the aim of providing conclusions based on numerical findings which are based upon a natural and realistic environment. (Amaratunga et al. 2002). Yin (1994), states that a research strategy should be chosen as a function of the research situation. As such the research objectives had a material bearing that strongly influenced the methodology used. Adopting a predominantly quantitative approach to the methodology, provides a platform of scientific respectability, due to the way in which findings can be presented (Denscombe. 2000) and thus interpreted (Saunders et al, 2003). Quantitative research is objective in nature and can be defined as an inquiry in to a social or human problem, based on testing a hypothesis or a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analysed with statistical procedures in order to determine whether the hypothesis or theory hold true (Creswell, 1994). Quantitative data is therefore not abstract, it is hard and reliable; it is the measurement of tangible, countable and sensate features of the world (Bouma and Atkinson, 1995). To this end it must be noted that a purely quantitative approch to data collection would be used when: you want to find facts about a concept, question or an attribute OR when you want to collect factual evidence and study the relationship between these facts in order to test a particular theory or hypothesis. In quantitative studies, the hypotheses, research questions and aims should be presented within a theoretical framework. A theory can be introduced as: A seried of hypotheses/sub-hypothesis in the form of ifthen logic statements OR a hunch (Naoum 2007). It is argued that to a certain degree quantitative research, fails to understand the deeper underlying factors of the subject matters and inadequately transposes its findings by way of explanation, despite its level of accuracy and validity (Denscombe, 2000). Qualitative research on the other hand is subjective in nature. It emphasises meanings, experiences that are often verbally described through structured or unstructured interviews and so on. The information gathered in qualitative research can be classified under two categories of research, namely exploratory and attitudinal. Exploratory research is usually employed when you have a limited amount of knowledge about your research topic. The techniques utilised for the process of data collection are usually either structured or non-structured interviews. The purpose of exploratory is usually threefold: firstly, to diagnose a situation; secondly, to screen for alternatives and thirdly, to discover new ideas (Zikmund, 1997, cited in Naoum 2007). Creswell (1994) writes: one typically finds research questions (not hypotheses) written in exploratory research. These research questions assume two levels (1) one or two grand tour questions followed by (2) no more than five to seven sun-questions. Attitudinal research on the other hand is used subjectively to evaluate the opinion, view or the perception of a person towards a particular object (either an attribute, variable, factor or question). Through obtaining the attitudes of individuals towards an object of choice, a process of interpretation can begin, enabling the findings to become data (Denscombe, M, 2000). As mentioned previously qualitative research doesnt tend to have clear rules on the use or placement of theory. Any hypotheses or theories that may emerge during the data collection and analysis phase of the research tend to be placed at the end of the study which require more quantitative testing. It should be noted that the research methodology is not without limitations. Data collection is split into two fields, primary and secondary, the latter of which involves the analysis of information that has already been collected within another study and is often referred to as desk study, it is aptly named secondary because it is concerned with analysing data for the second time (Sarantakos, 2005). Unlike secondary which is predetermined and dated, primary data compilation, also known as Fieldwork entails the collection of current up-to-date information directly from the source, first hand, which can be of a very specific nature. Research design Although various assessments of the planning system (both the NPPF and the old system) have been undertaken previously, there is limited research into the validity of the arguments presented by the Coalition government that demonstrates that the benefits of the NPPF will outweigh the costs of introducing a new system. To this end, the methodologies used within the previous studies were considered as appropriate templates, however, two research design methods were considered from which one was chosen: The first method considered was the analysis of data from local planning authorites, this method was deemed to be impractical as it was anticipated that obtaining actual data pertaining to major developments that could be used for case studies to assess the impact of the NPPF from local planning authorites first hand would be extremely difficult. Additionally in order to carry out the assessment thoroughly, the development would have to be assessed using both planning systems, only then would the benfits of the new system (if any) become apparent. The second method that was considered was the analysis of secondary data sources, in meeting the research objectives, the analysis of secondary data sources was deemed to be the most appropriate method of conducting the research required for this dissertation. The methodology ensured that the main points raised by the governemnt that supported the NPPF were discussed and critically analysed and also allowed any information that opposed or contradicted the governments views to be presented. Literature Review Sustainable Development National planning policy issued by central government sets out guidance to councils, applicants for planning permission and other users of the planning system, about the delivery of sustainable development through the planning system. Planning should help to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development, securing net gains against the economic, environmental and social elements of sustainable development. The NPPF must set a clear framework for what development plans should contain and to this end the Localism Bill should be amended to ensure that sustainable development is at the heart of the planning system. Given the importance of the definition of sustainable development, we believe that the way in which it is expressed should be the subject of Parliamentary scrutiny, which would give the resulting definition greater weight than a policy requirement. We attach a draft amendment to the Localism Bill that would achieve this. (NPPF Impact Assessment) If this type of definition is not in statute then the NPPF will have to provide a clear focus for those involved in planning, drawing a distinction between how the term sustainable should be interpreted and evidenced in the development plan process and how it should apply when making determinations on applications. This is necessary due to the fact that development involves significant fixed costs that must be paid upfront and therefore it would extremely beneficial if the planning system could help to reduce or limit this level of uncertainty. Furthermore, planning decisions can generate large sums of money for those gaining planning permission to build. For both these reasons it is imperative that decision making is transparent and governed by a clear and concise set of rules. The previous system was so complex that it did not meet these criteria. The NPPF achieves this by vastly simplifying the rules and by introducing a presumption in favour of sustainable development. Local bureaucrats and politicians will no longer get to say yes or no to development on a case-by-case basis. Instead the presumption means that they have to say yes to things that are consistent with their local plan, however, it must be noted that the presumption does not apply where the adverse impacts of development would significantly and demonstrably outweigh the benefits. Many other countries successfully run systems that are (at least) this permissive, but it is less clear that this principle can be brought in immediately, given that many local ar eas do not have up-to-date local plans. The NPPF will need to make the balancing exercise clear because there will be some cases where there is an unavoidable trade-off between local and national interests, for example, the government wishes to increase housing supply in England and improve the strategic infrastructure within the UK, these are both national priorities that affect specific local communities. Another reason why the NPPF will need to make the balancing exercise clear is because all too often, the limb of sustainable development that relates to the meeting of basic human needs (and in some case human rights) is sacrificed because of environmental concerns. By setting out a presumption in favour of sustainable development as a central feature in the NPPF, it places more requirements on the council to be proactive in identifying and addressing the need for sustainable development. Of course there will be costs associated with reform, however, the precise impacts of the policies will vary by location and are dependent on how local communities respond to the changes outlined in the NPPF. Further, given the inherent uncertainty in the housing market, capital markets and wider economy, it is difficult to isolate the impact of the changes proposed here from those wider macro-economic factors. Some of the benefits that will come from this presumption are reduced delays and uncertainty because where applications accord with the framework, there is likely to be some kind of impact on the speed with which decisions are made. As a result with more up to date plans adopted, the speed of obtaining planning permission (and therefore completing sustainable development) should be reduced. Even where up-to-date plans have not been adopted, the Framework provides a clear policy framework for investors and development control decisions, so that the benefits of reducing delays and uncertainty may to some extent be realised even before up-to-date, compliant plans are adopted by local authorities. However, even modest improvements in scheme delivery times as a result of the certainty provided by up-to-date plans could produce significant effects in terms of the efficiency by which those plans are delivered and substantial benefits to society as a result of development taking place sooner. There are other benefits associated with reduced holding costs land and other assets through the development management process; and land banks required by the uncertainty of development control and for sites that were rejected. For example, Ball (2010) notes that there are substantial holding costs associated with land banks required by the uncertainty of development control and for sites that were rejected. This could push financing costs from  £1bn to over  £2bn. Social impacts of Old System This section will aim to present a framework for thinking about the costs and benefits of the land use planning system. It will seek to outline how planning affects the wellbeing whilst summarising the evidence on the existence and relative importance. To some extent, the planning system exists primarily to improve the wellbeing of humans and is achieved through the development and implementation of policies that influence land use. As with many markets, the existence of market failures departures from ideal market conditions which include perfect competition and fully informed participants), and concerns over the distributional effects of unregulated land markets, provide the rationale for the planning system, or to put the argument another way, create the opportunity for government or collective action to improve outcomes in terms of wellbeing. The main policy instrument used by the English planning system to achieve this goal is regulation of the supply of land available for different uses. Broadly speaking, this regulation gives the planning system the ability to control where development can occur, how much of it there can be and what kinds of development there are although the powers of the system are asymmetric in the sense that planning can prevent but NOT ensure development. Another way in which planning can impact upon wellbeing is through economical means. Economists tend to think of wellbeing as depending on the consumption of goods, where the definition of goods extends well beyond things which can be purchased from retailers. A good is anything that contributes, positively or negatively, to human wellbeing, ranging from simple goods like an apple to the feeling of pleasure derived from knowing about the existence of a national park one may never visit. Planning can influence the availability and price of many types of goods, including through reducing the amount of some things which lower wellbeing. (Inexpensive Progress) Goods can be classified to their characteristics: externalities which can be positive (a pleasan

Battle Between Good and Evil in Dr. Faustus :: Doctor Faustus Essays

Battle Between Good and Evil in Dr. Faustus The story Dr. Faustus represents the constant battle between good and evil. Every day, we are faced having to choose between the two, even if there seems like there is no solution. Faust, in the story Dr. Faustus, represents those that choose to stoop to a lower level in order to get what they want. The good angel and the bad angel are the morals that pull the Faust's soul apart, forcing him to make a decision that can effect his future. The story Dr. Faustus is a great example of how one wrong decision can cause an everlasting burn. In the story Dr. Faustus, there is a battle of good versus evil going on. Faust is a man who is desperate for power and control. He wants to do anything he wants to do, and control anything he wants to control. That is where Mephistophales, a blood-sucking devil appears, preying on Foust and his confusing soul. Mephistophales was in heaven, and was kicked out. His soul is burning, and so he is desperate to take Foust's soul with him. Misery does love company. Faust wants power when he states "I charge thee wait upon me whilstg I live. To do whatever Faustus shall command".(Act 1, scene 2,lines 33-34). While Faustus demands his power, Mephistophales is miserable in hell. He wants Faust's soul, and the two make a trade. Meanwhile, the good angel appears. The good angel is trying to convince Faust to drop this insanity, because the bible is what he should be reading, rather than the magic book. When it seems like the angels have gotten to Faust, the devils appear. It is an insult to the bad angels to hear Christ's name in their presence. While the good angels are telling him to repent, the bad angels are giving him a taste of pure hell. (p48) They bring out the seven deadly sins. (48) Lucifer, in the meantime, worked his magic, and Faust signs the dotted line. It is over. The seven deadly sins represent the agony of hell. Faust now became the eighth. He now became just as evil and manipulative as Mephistophales. He now was forever damned. Temptation is society's worst enemy. When challenges arise, everyone wants answers, even if that means taking the wrong route. A great example of Faust in our society is robbery.

Spc2608 Exam Two Study Guide

Chapter 24: Persuasive Speaking Goal: reach desired ends through an honest means I. Persuasion ‘the art’ –faculty of observing in a given case the available means of persuasion. Persuasion is symbolic, non-coercive (not forced) influence 3 factors: Context—social, cultural, political climate Agent—persuader Receiver—audience **Equal opp. To persuade, Complete revelation of agendas—let audience know complete list of goals and how you intend to get audience there, Critical receivers—have to understand what’s being said Responsible agent—takes communication seriouslyTake responsibility for what is said and deal with consequencesFosters informed choice—gives all sidesAppeals to the best in people—not the worstConsider receiverAware of attempts to influence—be aware of motivesInformed about important topicsKnow their own biases—know what predisposes us—careful not to engage in defensive listeningAware of methods of persuasionInfluence the beliefs, attitude, and acts of others Focus on motivation: What motivates listeners? Make your message personally relevant Demonstrate the benefit of change Set modest goalsTarget issues the audience feels strongly about Establish credibilityII. Speeches built upon argument, 3 forms of appeals: Logos, Ethos, PathosLogos—appeal to reason or logic, *Aristotle wished that all appealing done through LOGOS *Our ability to articulate rationality, appealing to logic and using reasoning to persuadeEthos—credibility, moral character. To establish speaker credibility: * Present topics honestly, establish identification, commonality, and goodwill, use personal knowledgePathos—emotional states of audience.Pride, love, anger etc. rive our actions–Done through vivid imagery **Aristotle said: Two main sources of immediate emotion= LOVE AND FEAR Syllogism— Major premise obvious statement Minor premiseextension of major premises logic Conclusionderived from above two MAIN ONE: All humans are mortal Socr ates is human Socrates is mortal RHETORICAL SYLLOGISM=Enthymeme * Created by Aristotle * He claims that this communicates without saying EVERYTHING—audience can fill in blanks * Idea is that we can fill in the blank ourselves—that process is powerful—us persuading ourselves 3 cornerstones of ethical fitness:Credibility-confidence, character, ETHOS (as speaker)—worthy of trust *Makes people want to listen to us, tend to it with care Integrity—a state of incorruptibility—should signal that we are willing to avoid compromising the truth for the sake of personal expediency Stability—respect for others, cooperation, self-sacrifice Being audience centered—to whom and for whom, worthy, honored, and respected as individualsIII. Target listener needsMaslow’s hierarchy of needs—each of us has a basic set of needs that range from crucial to self-improving. Ex. To convince one to use seatbelts, appeal to ones need for safety. basic needs: Physiological, Safety, Social, Self-esteem, and Self-actualizationIV. Mental EngagementCentral processing: seriously consider your message, more likely to act Peripheral processing: Lack motivation to judge argument based on merits—most likely won’t experience meaningful change **For Central processing Link argument to practical concerns, present message at appropriate level of understanding, demonstrate common bond, stress credibilityV. Sound arguments—offer conclusion, evidence, link to reasoningClaim: states conclusion w/ evidence. A line of reasoning is called a warrant. Fact: Focus on truth/lie, what will/won’t happen—address issue with 2+ sides Value: Address judgment issues, right VS wrong Policy: recommend specific course of action—propose specific outcome Deductive reasoning: begin with general principle, use specifics, lead to conclusion Inductive: from specific to generalizations supported—evidence pointing to conclusionVI. Logical fallacy: false statement leading to invalid reasoningBegging the question—argument stated so that it cannot help but be true, even without evidenceBandwagoning—uses unsubstantiated opinion as false evidenceEither-or—gives only two alternatives Ad hominem argument—targets a person and not the argumentRed herring—relies on irrelevant premise for conclusionHasty generalization—argument where, in an isolated incidence, it proves true and is used to make an unwarranted general conclusionNon sequitur—â€Å"does not follow† conclusion doesn’t = reasoningSlippery slope—fault assumption that one case will lead to events or actionsAppeal to tradition—Suggest audience should agree b/c its â€Å"the way its always been†Addressing core values: Cultural norms, cultural premises, emotions **BE SENSITIVEVII. Monroe’sMotivated sequence: 5 step process, arouse listener attention + end wit h call of action—effective when you want audience to do somethingStep 1 attention, addresses core concerns, relevance, credibility, etc.Step 2 Need, describes issue at hand, shows importance of needStep 3 Satisfaction, identify solution—proposalStep 4 Visualization, vision of anticipated outcomeStep 5 Action, ask audience to act in accordance to acceptance of message 4 pillars of character:Trustworthiness—being honest, revealing the true purpose. Honest and dependableRespect–recognize audience members are unique—NO PERSONAL ATTACKS, allow audience power of rational choiceResponsibility—accountability for what we say and do—offering appropriate appealsFairness—acknowledge all sides of issue—giving the audience enough information to make a decision**In addition—Caring and Citizenship Caring—being kind and compassionate Citizenship—doing our part as citizens Chapter 16: Using LanguageI. Style * Simplici ty—translate jargon into common terms * Be concise—use fewer words, use repetition * Personal pronouns—Draw audience in, encourage involvement Concrete language VS Abstract Concrete: conveys specific and tangible meanings * Abstract: general, leaves meaning to interpretation Imagery—concrete language that paints pictures * Figures of speech: metaphors, similes, and analogies where words are used in nonliteral fashion to achieve rhetorical effect Code switching: selective use of dialect that can give your speech friendliness, humor, earthiness, nostalgia, etc. AVOID: * Malapropisms—incorrect uses of word where it sounds like it fits * Biased language * Unnecessary JargonII. Voice—active, indicates subject relation to action Use culturally sensitive and gender-neutral language, shows respect for beliefs, norms, and traditions Repetition to create rhythm—repeating key words or phrases to create distinctive rhythm and enforce idea into mi nds of listeners * Anaphora: Repeated phrase at beginning of successive phrases/clauses/sent. Ex. I Have A Dream-MLK Alliteration for poetic quality—Repetition of same sounds in 2+ neighboring words * Ex. â€Å"Down with dope, up with hope†-Jesse Jackson Parallelism—arrangement of words/phrases in similar form Helps to emphasize important ideas of the speech, creates rhythm* Ex. Orally numbering points Device of antithesis (One small step for man, one giant leap for man kind) * Repeating a key word in intro, body, and conclusion Chapter 25: Speaking on special occasions Speech that is prepared for a purpose dictated by the occasion, can be informative or persuasive **Commemorative speech—pays tribute with fundamental purpose to inspire audience Employ imagery—stylistic devices, varied rhythm * Antithesis, alliteration, assonance * Hyperbole—deliberately overstating in a fanciful way * Analogy Use fresh language—avoid overused phrases, select words that capture the thought * Avoid monotony, vary rhythm, use humorWhen using humor: * Familiarize self with devices of humor—exaggeration, iron, anti-statement, joke telling * Analyze our own talents when delivering humorous speeches—focus on what other people think is funny about you, not what YOU think is funny * Avoid humor pitfalls—steer clear of anything offensive * Use humorous everyday experiences—relatable Consider audience—To whom/for whom we speak * Address audience in ways that will resonate with them * Use mood to craft an appropriate message ** Meaning is created in the nexus between speaker and audienceI.Special Occasion Speech function To entertain, celebrate, commemorate, inspire or set social agenda * Entertain—listeners expect light-hearted, amusing speech. Speaker offers degree of insight on topic * Celebrate—Speaker praises subject of celebration—a degree of ceremony in accordance with norms of the occasion * Commemorate—offer tribute and memories * Inspire—ex. Inaugural address, key note speech, commencement—motivate by examples of achievement * Set social agenda—articulation of goal/group’s values, ex. Fundraisers, banquets, cause oriented gatheringsII.Speech of Introduction: Warms up the audience for main speaker, heighten interest, and build credibility FOUR ELEMENTS background, subject of message, occasion, audience * Speaker background—achievements and facts showing why speaker is relevant * Subject, Preview topic—sense of why subject is of interest, does NOT evaluate speech or comment on it * Ask for audience welcome * Be brief—2 minute max.III. Speech of Acceptance—response to an award. Purpose: express gratitude for honor * Prepared in advance * Express what the award means to you, convey its value * Show gratitude, thank people by nameIV. Speech of Presentation— (1) communicate meaning of the a ward and (2) Explain why recipient is receiving it Convey award’s meaning: what it is for and represents, mention sponsors and their link to the award Explain why recipient is receiving it: Highlight achievements, qualifying attributes, and why he deserves it Plan physical presentation: Consider logistics beforehandV. Roast/Toast, roast—humorous tribute that pokes fun, toast—short celebrating speech focused on achievement * Prepare: draft, rehearse, etc. but appear impromptu * Highlight traits: Limit to 1-2 best attributes that convey qualities hat make the person a focus of celebration * Be positive: have a positive tone as it pays tribute to honoree * Be briefVI. Eulogy/other, Eulogy derived from Greek words â€Å"to praise† Usually done by a close friend or family member of deceased Celebrates a person’s life, commemorating while consoling those left behind * Balance delivery and emotion—Audience is seeking guidance dealing with the loss, give them closure. * Refer to family of deceased—Show respect and mention names, as the funeral is primarily to benefit them * Be positive, but realistic: Emphasize deceased’s positive qualities, but avoid excess praiseVII. After Dinner Speech—light hearted and entertaining; listeners are to gain insight into topic. Usually given at some time during a civil, business, or professional meeting as it is to follow a formal dinner * Recognize occasion—speech should be on topic to avoid appearing canned or used over and over in diff. settings. Keep remarks low key to be considerate to those eatingVIII. Inspiration Speech—motivate listener to positively consider, reflect on, or act according to speaker’s words. Use emotional force; urge us towards purer motives reminding us of a common good. Appeal to emotions—(1) vivid description and (2) emotionally charged words * Use real stories—Examples of REAL people accomplishing goals and tr iumphing adversities * Be dynamic—inspire through delivery * Have clear goals * Distinctive organization device—help audience remember message Ex. Acronyms * Dramatic ending—inspires audience to feel or act Persuasion Aristotle, called persuasion â€Å"rhetoric† or â€Å"the art. †Defined as: â€Å"the faculty of observing in a given case the available means of persuasion. † Kenneth Burke: persuasionâ€Å"artful use of the resources of ambiguity. †¦Stay away from specifics; find ways to have the audience identify with the action or side that we want—much like advertising! **Think of â€Å"persuasion as enlightenment—as an opportunity to view a different perspective. †Ã¢â‚¬â€œA chance to create something from nothing by establishing new relationships by sharing experiences, and creating understanding in contentious issues. Ethical Persuasion: Ethical communication and persuasion are an ideal—our communication improves exponentially the closer we get to this ideal. The goal is to reach the desired ends through an honest means. **Persuasion is symbolic, non-coercive influence.Symbolic communication – language is our symbolic representation of reality–Non coercive=not forced, we have a choice. In order for persuasion to occur ethically the target of the persuasive message must have the perception of choice, they must understand that they have a choice whether or not to accept the persuasive appeal. In order for this perception of choice to be a reality, several conditions must be met, if these conditions are not met, then the communicative act is coercion not persuasion. Checklist for responsible persuasion–should do before we engage—ethically, we should aim to ensure certain characteristics/qualities exist.The three factors:I. Context – where, the climate—cultural, politicalII. Agent – the persuaderIII. Receiver – audienceI. Context (three conditions that must be met for ethical persuasion) 1. Both/All sides should have equal opportunity to persuade (if we only hear one side we have no choice! ) and ALL sides should have equal access to communication media (but in most cases one needs money for this).2. There should be complete revelation of agendas—each side must notify the audience of its true aims and goals and say how it intends to go about achieving them. This means that you must tell the audience where you want to take them eventually, not just steps along the way—they should know your ultimate aim, so you should divulge aim.3. The third condition, and most important, is that there must be critical receivers, receivers who test the assertions and evidence available. To be ethical communication there must be people who can evaluate what is being said—an informed public with tools to analyze, or the speaker/agent should provide them tools. It is both the speaker and audiences fault beca use no one wants to take the time to learn, work, critically evaluate, etc.II. Agent 1. The responsible agent takes communication seriously and is prepared to take responsibility for what is said and to deal with the consequences.2. Responsible communication fosters informed choice. We should aim to give the audience both sides of the issues we are advocating—to give them all the information that is available and then inform them why our side is better.3.The responsible agent appeals to the best in people, not the worst. We must be careful not to take advantage of an audience’s fears, ignorance, or biases—if people are coerced they’ll jump ship later.III. Receiver (four things to consider)1. Responsible receivers are aware of attempts to influence. We must be alert, critical, and constantly aware of the motives of the messages around us and attempts to persuade.2. Responsible receivers stay informed about important topics. Issues affecting us must be inve stigated so that we are ready when persuasive messages hit us.  We are the engines of democracy; we must be critical and involved3. Responsible receivers know their own biases. We must avoid defending against messages simply because a message is unpleasant and or challenges what we believe. We must know what predisposes us to look at things in a certain way, and be careful not to engage in selective listening, etc. This helps us to keep from immediately discounting information.4. Responsible receivers are aware of methods of persuasion—so we should study and learn methods of persuasion (which you are doing now! ).